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Chapter One,
"National Parks Are Where You Find Them:" The Origins of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
Chapter Two,
"We're Going For The Right Thing:" The Legislative Struggle to Create Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1971- 1977
Chapter Three,
Changes on the Land: The Early Management of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1977-1983
Chapter Four
Plans, Programs and Controversy: The Reassessment of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1977-1983
Chapter Five,
"A Local and National Treasure:" Managing the Sleeping Bear Dunes Park, 1984- 1995
Conclusion,
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore At Twenty-Five
Appendix One,
Budgetary Progress of Sleeping Bear Dunes N.L.
Appendix Two,
Selected Past and Present Employees of Sleeping Bear N.L.
Appendix Three,
Selected Visitation Statistics
Appendix Four,
Public Law 91-479
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A Nationalized Lakeshore: The Creation and Administration of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Chapter 2 Notes |
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Chapter 2 Notes
[1] E. Genevieve Gillette, Oral History Tape Transcripts, Tape 21B, pp. 12-15, Gillette Papers, Bentley Historical Library.� This chapter will make use of three unpublished studies of the controversy over making a national park at Sleeping Bear Dunes: Brian Charles Kalt, �Sixties Sandstorm: The Fight Over Establishment of a Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1961-1970,� undergraduate seminar paper, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1994; Stephen J. Maddock, �An Analysis Of Local Opposition To The Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore,� Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1971;� Jonathan P. Hawley, �The Politics of National Park System Expansion: A Comparative Study of the Authorization of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways in Missouri and The Proposed Authorization of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in Michigan,� Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1968.� Of these the Kalt study has been particularly helpful because of its extremely thorough research.
[2] Richard L. Neuberger, �Plan For Shoreline Parks: U.S. Senate Bills Would Set Aside Recreation Areas On the Seacoast and in the Great Lakes Region,� New York Times, August 30, 1959;� Senate Bill 2460, United States Senate, A Bill to Save and Preserve for the Public Use and Benefit, Certain Portions of the Shoreline of the United States, and for Other Purposes, 86th Congress, 1st Session, 1959; Stephen J. Maddock, �An Analysis Of Local Opposition To The Sleeping Bear Dune National Lakeshore,�Ph.D. dissertation, 1971, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 14-15.
[3] Grand Rapids Press, August 7, 1960; �Huron Mountains: Should This Superb Region Be a Shoreline Recreation Area,� Outdoor America (April 1960), 10-12; Senate Resolution 46, Michigan State Senate, April 7, 1960.
[4] Remaining Shoreline Opportunities, 93; Kalt, Sixties Sandstorm, 12.
[5] Throughout the fight to create Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore the proposal was supported by the National Park Service�s Northeast Regional Office, in Philadelphia.� In 1973-74 there was a reorganization and Sleeping Bear was placed under the Midwest Regional Office in Omaha, Nebraska.
[6] E. Genevieve Gillette, Oral History Transcripts, transcript 23A, p.7-10, Gillette Papers.
[7] Ibid, transcript 31A, p.1-5.
[8] National Park Service, A Proposal: Sleeping Bear National Seashore (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior, 1961).
[9] Pierce and Keefe, The Great Lakes States, 232; Berthelot, Win Some, Lose Some, 141-3.
[10] Ibid.
[11] Berthelot, Win Some, Lose Some, 254-5; E. Genevieve Gillette Oral History, Tape 23A, p.26, Gillette Papers.
[12] Senate Bill 2153, A Bill to Establish in the State of Michigan the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Recreation Area and for Other Purposes, 87th Congress, 1st Session.
[13] Genevieve Gillette, Oral History Tape, Tape 23A, p.12-17.
[14] Ibid.
[15] Questions Used At August 30, 1961 Meeting, an attachment to William Welsh to Allen T. Edmunds, October 13, 1961, SLBD Records; Record-Eagle (Traverse City, Mich.), August 31, 1961.
[16] Ibid; Grand Rapids Press, September 23, 1961; Ann Arbor (Michigan) News, November 16, 1961; Detroit Free Press, September 13, 1961; Notes, Sleeping Bear Meeting, Glen Lake Community School, Glen Arbor Michigan, August 30, 1961, SLBD Records.
[17] Detroit News, October 18, 1963; Kalt, Sixties Sandstorm, 28-9.
[18] To All Supporters from Ove Jensen, Chairman of the Citizens� Council, September 18, 1963, Sleeping Bear Dunes Collection, Leelanau County Historical Society, Leland, Michigan.� Hereafter this collection is referred to as LCHS; Record-Eagle (Traverse City, Michigan), August 31, 1961.
[19] United States Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Hearing on S.2153, 1961, p.45-6, 72-81; Detroit Free Press, November 14, 1961.
[20] Senate, Committee on Interior, Hearing on S.2153, p.193.
[21] Kalt, Sixties Sandstorm, 35-6.
[22] John M. Kaufman to Ben H. Thompson, Chief, Division of Recreational Resource Planning, March 27, 1962, SLBD Records.
[23] Allen T. Edmunds to Ronald Lee, Regional Director, February 28, 1962, SLBD Records; New York Times, March 25, 1962.
[24] Ibid; Don Gordon, �Sleeping Bear, A Big Idea with Little Merit,� Michigan Challenge (March,1962), 12-14.
[25] Maddock, Analysis of Local Opposition to the Sleeping Bear Lakeshore, 141.
[26] Ronald F. Lee, Northeast Region Director to Conrad Wirth, Director, National Park Service, July 24, 1961, SLBD Records.
[27] United States House of Representatives, A Bill to Establish in the State of Michigan the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, and for other Purposes, House Resolution 4201, 88th Congress, 1st session, 1963.
[28] Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, January 25, 1963; Detroit Free Press, January 22, 1963; Kalt, Sixties Sandstorm, 25; Senate, Committee on Interior, Hearing on S.2153, 47.
[29] Donald W. Humphrey to Allen Edmunds, April 24, 1963, SLBD Papers; Rita Hadra Rusco, North Manitou Island: Between Sunrise and Sunset (n.p.: BookCrafters, 1995), .9-15; Genevieve Gillette Oral History, Tape 23, side B, p.15-19.
[30] United States Senate, A Bill to Establish in the State of Michigan the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore and for Other Purposes, S.792, 88th Congress, 1st Session, 1963; Berthelot, Win Some, Lose Some, 242.
[31]James Rogers to Philip Hart, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, United States Senate, Eighty-eighth Congress, First Session, On S.792 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963), 67.
[32] Ibid.
[33] Ibid, 369-435; Ann Arbor News, July 8, 1963.
[34] Hawley, The Politics of National Park Expansion, 96-8; Kalt, Sixties Sandstorm, 43-5.
[35] E. Genevieve Gillette Oral History, Tape 23B, p.13, Gillette Papers; John Daugherty,Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998.
[36] Maddock, An Analysis of Local Opposition to the Sleeping Bear Lakeshore, 115-122; John Daugherty Oral History, August 14, 1998; Detroit News, November 20, 1961.
[37] Land and People: Northern Great Lakes Regional Conference, Springboard for Action: Brief of Proceedings, September 24-26, 1963, Duluth, Minnesota (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, 1963), 1,5.
[38] Duluth News Tribune, September 25, 1963.
[39] Genevieve Gillette, Oral History, Tape 27, side A, p.1-12.
[40] Institute for Community Development & Services, Economic Feasibility of the Proposed Sleeping Bear Dunes National Seashore (East Lansing: Michigan State University, 1961); Statement of Charles Miller, Hearings on S.792, 223-230.
[41] John Daugerty, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998; Statement of C.N. Hooesteger, Hearings on S.792, 208-214.
[42] Maddock, Analysis of Local Opposition to Sleeping Bear, p.184-196; Nan Helm, Footprints Where Once They Walked (n.p: privately printed, n.d.), 46-49; Genevieve Gillette, Oral History, Tape 23, Side A, p.29.
[43] John Daugherty, Oral History, August 14, 1998; Hawley, The Politics of National Park Expansion, 100-101.
[44] Genevieve Gillette, Oral History Tape, 28, Side B, p.7; John Daugherty, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998; Hawley, The Politics of National Park Expansion, 101.
[45] Ibid; Benzie County (Michigan) Patriot; October 20, 1966.
[46] Wirth, Parks, Politics and the People, 326.
[47] Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 171; William Ashworth, The Late Great Lakes: An Environmental History (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987), 142; also see Terrence Kehoe, Cleaning Up the Great Lakes: From Cooperation to Confrontation (DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997).
[48] Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence, 459-460.
[49] Kalt, Sixties Sandstorm, 84-85; Korn, Yesterday Through Tomorrow, 115.
[50] Kathleen Stocking, Letters From Leelanau: Essays of People and Place (Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1990), 159-166; Kathleen Stocking, Personal Communication, July 9, 1998; �Sleeping Bear Dunes Park� brochure, SLBD papers.
[51] John Daugherty, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998.
[52] Statement of Guy Vander Jagt, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-first Congress, Second Session on H.R. 11829 and Related bills (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), 130-1; Kehoe, Cleaning Up the Great Lakes, 106-7; John Daugherty, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998.
[53] Statement of Larry H. Olson, Hearings on H.R. 11829 and Related bills, p.291-294; John Daugherty, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998;� Minutes of the U.S. 31 Corridor Association, November 12, 1968, SLBD Papers.
[54] Statement of Vander Jagt, Hearings on H.R. 11829 and Related bills, 131-2.
[55] Muriel Ferris to Genevieve Gillette, May 27, 1970, Box 4, Gillette Papers.
[56] Statement of Stanley Ball, Hearings on H.R. 11829 and Related bills, 268-74.
[57] Statement of Dayton Willard, Hearings on H.R. 11829 and Related bills, p.220; Statement of John B. Daugherty, Hearings on H.R. 11829 and Related bills, 288-9.
[58] Kalt, Sixties Sandstorm, 110-11.
[59] Joe (Small Potatoes) Taxpayer to Philip A. Hart, March 8, 1962, Box 15, Hart Papers; Genevieve Gillette to Muriel Ferris, May 20, 1970, Box 4, Gillette Papers.
[60] Philip A. Hart to Genevieve Gillette, September 25, 1970, Box 4, Gillette Papers.
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